Judge, a critically endangered white-backed vulture that was injured acts as an ambassador for the vulture conservation efforts of the Victoria Falls Wildlife Trust.

2. Are the animals required to perform tricks?

Attractions that make their animals perform tricks are another one to be avoided. There is no justification for exotic animals performing tricks for our amusement in this day and age. Not to be compared with domestic dogs that take great pleasure in learning fun activities with their owner, many wild animals perform tricks under duress. There is no education or conservation value in an elephant walking a tightrope or a bear or monkey dancing. In addition, often trainers use barbaric force methods, and again, the living conditions when not performing are frequently substandard.

3. Do they offer feeding as part of the attraction?

Assessing an attraction’s ethical nature gets less straightforward when it comes to feeding, and there are undoubtedly some grey areas.

Maintaining a healthy weight for captive exotic animals can be tricky, and providing unlimited food in the form of treats fed by tourists can lead to poor health and an unbalanced diet. In addition, hunger can result on days when there are insufficient visitors to the attraction. In reality, the whole process is fraught with problems.

Other issues include interfering with natural feeding habits resulting in altered behaviour patterns. Furthermore, it can lead to potentially dangerous encounters with habituated wildlife reliant on an unnatural food source. Illness resulting from pollution can also be a problem, particularly with waterbirds, where large amounts of bread can pollute waterways.

Ethical Wildlife Feeding Examples

There are a few instances where feeding can be a good thing, but they are rare. An example is the feeding of vultures at ‘Vulture Restaurants’. This practice is one method adopted by conservation groups to help reverse the dramatic decline in vulture numbers. It provides a safe feeding zone for the birds and allows researchers and conservation groups to monitor their movements. But, most importantly, it provides a venue for educating visitors on the importance of these much-maligned birds to the ecosystem, a good example of ethical wildlife tourism.

Ethical Wildlife Tourism: Vulture Restaurant, A Dining Experience with a Difference

White-backed and hooded vultures feeding at the vulture restaurant experience at Victoria Falls Safari Lodge.

In Nairobi, the Daphne Sheldrick Giraffe Centre is another example. The organisation rescues and relocates endangered Rothschild giraffes and provides educational information to visitors to their facility. The centre does excellent conservation work, and food given to tourists is part of the giraffes’ staple diet. Providing a close encounter with the giraffes helps to solicit support for the work that they do.

Feeding giraffe at the Daphne Sheldrick Giraffe Centre in Nairobi, Kenya.

4. Should ethical tourism involve baby animals?

Tourism operators will tell you that everyone loves baby animals. However, reputable zoos that breed for conservation purposes do so infrequently. For these organisations, breeding is about adding to the captive gene pool. The genetic background of species is monitored by studbook keepers that ensure that individual animals are not over-represented in future pairings.

In reputable zoos accredited by AZA (Association of Zoos and Aquariums), handling of baby animals is avoided, including by zoo staff. It prevents animals from becoming too humanised. If animals are to be released in future or become part of a captive breeding program, being too familiar with people is a disadvantage.

One of the reasons for restricting breeding is that it can often be difficult to place animals that are not required in their collection in reputable zoos. If an attraction has unlimited baby animals, you need to consider where these animals end up after they are no longer cute and bring tourist dollars into their business. Are they going to the pet trade, medical research, or the canned hunt industry, which involves shooting caged animals by trophy hunters?

Legitimate Wild Animal Orphanages

Again, an exception to the rule is legitimate animal rescues like the Sheldrick Elephant Orphanage in Nairobi, an organisation that rescues orphan elephants and rhinos. Raising and reintegrating the calves into wild herds is a process that takes years and is very costly. The orphanage allows visitors to witness the orphans’ daily feeds and group play in a communal mud wallow. A presenter explains the plight of the elephants and the reasons that the orphans are at the facility. The presentation is both educational and raises funds through adoption sponsorship.

5. Does the activity interfere with the animal’s natural behaviour?

Having been on a wildlife safari myself, I can say that this is probably one of the most problematic areas to assess. The safari industry brings a tremendous amount of money into areas that support wildlife. Adding value to wild animals through tourism is vital in combating poaching and habitat loss. Making tourists care about the plight of nature is a lot easier once they have experienced the magic of nature on the scale that the safari industry provides. However, too much tourist activity can also be damaging to wildlife.

It is mesmerising to see big cats hunting, but the sight of many safari vehicles loaded with tourists following along is also a little disturbing. The element of surprise necessary for a successful hunt seems impossible for the cats to achieve with their entourage. Thankfully, many safari areas are imposing some restrictions on the number of vehicles around big cats at any one time and restricting off-road access. However, as tourists, we need to respect these rules and guidelines for the animals’ long-term benefit.

Wild Animal Conservancies

Many conservancies also participate in valuable research by tracking the movements of big cats using radio collars. They also participate in programs that protect elephants, rhinos and other endangered species. For instance, Ol Pejeta Conservancy in Kenya is involved with rhino conservation and is currently the home of the last two northern white rhino cows. These activities rely on the tourist dollar for funding, so it becomes a balancing act between what is good for the country, the animals and the visitor.

Another way to observe wildlife with minimal interference is visiting a wildlife hide. Many hides in wildlife tourism areas offer the opportunity to get close to wildlife without interrupting their normal behaviour. In addition, they often provide photographic opportunities that you would not get from a vehicle.

Further reading… Siduli Hide, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe.

Cheetah and watching Wildebeest on the Masai Mara, Kenya seen from a safari vehicle.

Supporting Ethical Wildlife Tourism Activities and Destinations

The threats facing wildlife are substantial, and any activities that help raise awareness and conservation funds are worthy of support but not at any cost to the animals involved. So before considering an attraction, be mindful, logical and assess whether it ticks the ethical boxes or not. Being selective in the activities and attractions that your tourist dollar supports is the best way to put activities that exploit wildlife out of business, favouring those that genuinely benefit wildlife and contribute to wild animal rescue, rehabilitation and conservation.